Six of the 19 vsp and vlp sequences of the lpB, lpD, and lpE plasmids would encode a full signal peptide for these lipoproteins. This proportion is similar to what was found for the silent vsp and vlp sequences in the B. hermsii genome [25]. Another 10 of the B. miyamotoi vsp and vlp genes had at least part the coding sequence for peptide sequence, including a consensus four amino acid site for the signal peptidase for lipoprotein processing. The remaining three ORFs began within a few residues of where the signal peptidase site would be expected. Adjacent to these vsp and vlp sequences there was not disernibly a repetitive sequence that was analogous to the Downstream Homology Sequence of B. hermsii [25].
Did this study establish that antigen variation occurs during B. miyamotoi infection? No. This will likely require the demonstration of evasion of adaptive immunity by a switch of surface proteins during an experimental infection with a minimum infectious inoculum of a clonal population and then attribution of that switch to a reversible DNA rearrangement [57]. But the finding of full- or near-full length sequences for a minimum of 19 diverse vsp and vlp indicates that B. miyamotoi has the genetic building blocks for the type multi-phasic antigenic variation that characterizes relapsing fever [22]. In addition, the presence of two copies of a vsp gene, with one copy next to a candidate promoter, is consistent with a mechanism for antigenic variation that has been demonstrated in other species in the relapsing fever group. The identification of a putative expression site and the various vsp and vlp sequences provides the database for design of primers and nucleotide and protein microarrays for further studies of expression in the organism during infection and the immune responses of infected hosts.
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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of WHsTBRF species. PFGE was performed on genomic DNA of each isolate to demonstrate the different plasmid profiles both between and within species. Isolate names have been abbreviated as follows: baBA2, B. anserina BA2; bhDAH, B. hermsii DAH; bhYOR, B. hermsii YOR; bcCo53, B. coriaceae Co53; bpuSUM, B. puertoricensis n. sp. SUM; bpSLO, B. parkeri SLO; bvRMA01, B. venezuelensis RMA01; bt91E135, B. turicatae 91E135; btBTE5EL, B. turicatae BTE5EL. The numbers to the left of the gel image correspond to DNA size in kilobases. Chr/LMP corresponds to the co-migration of the chromosome and linear megaplasmid, respectively. CP refers to circular plasmids. The full-length, uncropped gel is presented in Additional File 1: Fig S1
In August 2012, Alexander Sukhorukov, who was then deputy Defense Minister, said that the BMD-4M armored vehicle does not meet the requirements put forward by the Russian military, and will not be purchased.[7] At the same time, a week before, Vladimir Shamanov said the BMD-4M is fully compliant with the VDV, which was more important in this regard than the requirements of the Ministry of Defence. He stressed that the fate of the BMD-4M is decided by the Supreme Commander, Vladimir Putin.[12] The Russian Army received another prototype batch of the modernised BMD-4M airborne assault vehicle during mid-2014. Eight modernized BMD-4M vehicles were delivered to the 106th Guards Airborne Assault Division by Kurganmashzavod, where the vehicles continued to undergo testing.[13]
"The vehicles proved themselves as technology of the future: they roved in differing climatic conditions, airdropped, tested in water, including being redeployed at sea. All of this was noted by the commission, which recommended to supply the VDV [with the vehicles] this year as a result of testing", Maj. Gen. Andrei Kholzakov, deputy commander of VDV, said on January 15, 2015. Kholzakov added that the decision of the state commission came as field tests of BMD-4M airborne fighting vehicles and BTR-MD Rakushka armored personnel carriers concluded successfully in 2014.[citation needed] The BMD-4M, as well as the BTR-MDM, were officially brought into service in April 2016.[14]
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Multiple sequence alignment of the direct terminal repeats of phage AP5 and selected members of the T7likevirus genus. Multiple sequence alignment of direct terminal repeat sequences was performed using Clustal Omega [22]. Positions which have a single, fully conserved base pair are indicated by an asterisk (*).
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